The perceived risk of villagers against drought can be seen in their mental judgment regarding the degree of drought risk and the change in their unconstructive behaviors. Due to the devastating effects on rural communities, the drying of Lake Urmia requires the understanding of the behaviors and reactions of villagers in order to increase their susceptibility to drought. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of drought risk perception of Urmia Lake in changing the behavior of villagers. For this purpose, a combination of personal and social psychology was used. The research method was descriptive-analytic. For analyzing the conceptual model and the experimental model, the path analysis method was used. From 83 villages located 30 km from the east coast of Lake Urmia, a random sampling method was used to select 43 villages as sample size. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0. 88-0. 95 using Cronbach's alpha formula. The findings of the study showed that the level of risk perception was higher than the median with a theoretical mean (7> 4. 87>1). The results of the path analysis method on the dependent variable of practical risk reduction behaviors showed that varieties of drought-resistant agricultural product selection, knowledge, and skills, income, age, length of stay, participation in training programs, renovation and improvement of irrigation canals on behaviors Drastic risk reduction measures have a direct effect. Also, the results of path analysis on the dependent variable of intention to reduce risk behaviors in the future showed that drought-tolerant crop varieties, self-efficacy, age, education level, trust, previous experience of risk and accountability had positive effect and variables of optimistic bias, income, and age The variables of risk perception have had a negative effect. Also, in the study of indirect effects through the medium of risk perception, two variables of beliefs and income are influenced by influencing the variable on the intention and intention of reducing the risk of drought risk.

Political participation is one of the main criteria for political development. The general aim of this research is the study of social and cultural factors of political participation in order to examine some theories, known as modernization. These factors are: economic state, job, education, urbanization, using mass media; sense of powerlessness, and confidence in the, government. The general hypothesis is that the social index improvement leads to the enhancement of political participation. This statement is discussed in two items: formal and informal political participation. The method of research is survey with questionnaire technique. The case society is family supervisors of the rural district around the city of Bushehr. To select cases by technique of multistage sampling, three villages named Chah kootah Abtavill and Talashki that are examples for three level of high, average and low development were determined. Then 250 questionnaires were distributed according to the population of villages. The results show that there are considerable differences between formal and informal political participation. Informal aspect increases in consequence of the enhancement level of education, urbanization and using mass media, but formal aspect is highly related to the confidence in the government. Therefore we can conclude that informal political participation can illustrate and improve better modernizing theory and political and environmental agents have high influence on formal ones.

Introduction: Climate change (CC) is a phenomenon that rapidly occurs and the necessity of adaptation to it is crucial. Knowledge of climate change and having certainty towards its occurrence are critical to the empowerment of vulnerable groups. In other words, taking a scientific and proper approach to deal with the issue of global climate change (GCG) requires awareness towards this phenomenon which helps to make a proper and applicable policy. To address CC issues like environmental risks, we need to understand the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to CC. Because environmental issues of the 21st century are characterized by a high level of scientific and technical complexity, good citizens need to be well informed. Therefore, by arising knowledge of CC, individual behavioral changes directed towards combating the problem can be engendered. In recent years, many researchers have examined public knowledge of the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion. This field of study seems new. Iran is a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and according to this treaty, it is obliged to implement mitigation and adaptation policies to reduce greenhouse gases. The performance indicators reported by the German Institute for Climate Watch in 2011 reported that Iran’s ranking dropped 14 steps compared with the previous period based on the performance index of climate change. According to the enactment of the rules of procedure adopted Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol in July 2009 by cabinet and the National Climate Change Committee and the Secretariat related to it in Iran's Environmental Protection Agency, it is expected Iran gets better grades in terms of reducing carbon emissions. The main purpose of the present study was to assess the level of adaptation of villagers of Babolsar city to climate change and its relationship with social factors. Materials and Methods: The present study utilized the survey method and the main tool for data collection was a questionnaire. The main focus of this study was assessing farmers’ knowledge and the unit of analysis in this study was farmers and the level of analysis was micro. Of 2877 total farmers of Babolsar, using Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling, 224 were selected as the sample. The questionnaire consisted of 64 questions. The questions were either open-ended or in multiple-choice format. The validity rate of questions was calculated as higher than 60%. Through this research, 4 hypotheses were examined. Data entry, editing, and final processing were performed by applying SPSS software. The initial analysis showed that the dependent variable had a normal distribution and the authors utilized parametric tests (e. g., Pearson Correlation Coefficient) for testing the hypotheses accordingly. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: The results of the study showed that the surveyed villagers are highly adaptable to climate change (mean = 4. 00 of 5). The level of adherence of villagers to agricultural experts and local people in carrying out agricultural activities is moderate, while their effectiveness is low from the norms of the local council. The level of institutional trust by farmers has been moderate. Based on the results of bivariate analysis, the arable land area had the highest correlation with the adaptation of the villagers with the consequences of climate change (r = 0. 20). There is no significant difference in the adaptation of the villagers with the consequences of climate change in agriculture by age and income. According to the research results, it can be suggested that to improve the adaptation of villagers to climate change and maintain their livelihood and prevent the negative consequences of climate change on agriculture (such as job change and migration), necessary measures are required to take place to increase the level of social trust of villagers towards government and relevant institutions. This training should be about recognizing and adapting to climate change, how to increase income as well as resilience to the negative consequences of climate change, and how to deal with it. To deal with the negative consequences of climate change (such as rising temperatures and lack of rainfall), the relationship between the Organization Agricultural Jihad experts and gardeners and farmers must be strengthened.

Correct attitude (Adab) in Sufism and mysticism is to be bound to limitations, and to follow sanctuary of sanctity not violating them. The one who intends to take his spiritual path to God, according to the great sufists and mystics, ought to follow some correct attitudes and rituals that are necessary for his spiritual progress.According to the verse "those who keep limits set by Allah", and the Prophet’s hadith "God gave me correct attitude, the best correct attitude" the Sufi believe that the correct attitudes of mystical progress have their root in the Quran and prophet Mohammad’s types of deeds. So they defined, classified, and observed those attitudes. In the sufi biographies and mystical writings one can find some conducts and behaviors that show how deeply they were devoted to observe correct attitudes on their mystical journey. The majority of works about mystical correct attitudes available to us today include different definitions and classifications. Kashf-al-Mahjoob (Unveiling the Veiled) by Hajveri, Manzel al Saerin (The Stages of the Wayfarer), Sad Maidan (The One Hundred Fields) by Khwaja ‘Abdullah Ansari, and Ibn ‘Arabi in Al-Futuhat al-makkiyya (The Meccan Openings) are among the forerunners of the Sufi who classified the correct attitudes. However, Ibn ‘Arabi gives heed to more details and delicate issues and classifies correct attitudes into two groups: spiritual state attitude (Adab hal) and spiritual station attitude (Adab Maqam). Then, he divides spiritual station attitude into four categories: correct attitude of the law (adab al-shari’a) correct attitude of service (adab al- khidma), correct attitude of right (adab al-haqq) and correct attitude of truth (adab al-haqiqat). In the same way, he distinguishes different kinds of spiritual station attitudes such as correct attitude of the law, correct attitude in time, correct attitude in place, correct attitude of condition, correct attitude of numbers, correct attitude of service, correct attitude of right, and correct attitude of truth.In this article, various meanings of correct attitude are examined, firstly, and then the Sufi or mystical correct attitude is explained.

The present study examines the relationship between modernization and political culture among the villagers of Mako. This study is directed to test the theories of the first and second waves of political development. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theories of Daniel Lerner and Karl Deutsch and uses Gabriel Almond's classification to measure the variable of political culture. The type of research is quantitative and it uses the survey technique to collect data. The data was extracted from 381 cases through a questionnaire. The findings show that there is a relationship between political culture and religiosity, the use of new communication media, and the education of villagers,In this way, the low and high level of religiosity among the villagers will lead to, respectively, the participatory and parochial political culture. Also, the higher the level of education and the use of new communication media among the villagers, the more the tendency towards the participatory type of political culture. In this way, the present research shows that merely being a villager does not mean having a traditional political culture such as a parochial and subjective one, and macro-narratives and essentialist classical theories of political development should be avoided about villagers.

In Iran most rural studies have tended to focus on the, village' as an economic or material entity. Viewed as such, these studies neglect the question of the political, as an independent and determining variable in the analysis of issues relating to social relations and cultural and economic development. The present paper attempts to demonstrate that the question of the political has a significant role to play in distinguishing between foes and friends, as it has in determining the nature of the social affairs. Thus, the paper seeks to study the effects and consequences of the political on villagers' social relations and interactions. The phenomenological method of analysis which is used here is based on data generated by the interview and lived experience. The results show that the political elements of rural life such as friendship relation, neighborhood ties, discussions, give-and-take, trust, and participation, are based on perception of groups classed either as foe or friend.

The present research was conducted with the aim to represent a theoretical Framework and a paradigmatic model of villager's Perception and interpretation of causes of change in life style of rural people living in rural regions of Khalkhal during last four decades, using a Mixed Method composed of a qualitative approach (grounded theory) and quantitative approach (Survey research). First a theory was underpinned with a qualitative approach and explorative technique and then with the help of paradigmatic model, some hypotheses were set and tested employing quantitative technique (survey) with empirical data. In the qualitative part, the statistical population consisted of 22 individuals (n=22) of villagers above 18 years old who were interviewed through theoretical sampling. Three-stage coding technique was used in order to analyze data. In the quantitative part, 380 individuals were selected as statistical population using Cochran's Formula. The results from findings showed that from the viewpoint of villagers factors such as establishment of industry and modern technology in villages, promotion of mass media usage, interaction with city dwellers, expansion of tourism, the degree of religiosity of villagers, and socio-economic status of villagers have been factors affecting on the life style and consumption culture of villagers living in Khalkhal region during last four decades.